INTRODUCTION

Water is omnipresent. About three-quarters of the earth surface is covered with liquid water. Water is an important constituent of the earth atmosphere. In combined form, water occurs abundantly in may mineral e.g. Gypsum water occurs in all animal and vegetable tissues. Water is chemically stable compound. SOP for Purified Water & Potable Water Testing acts as a solvent for an unusual range of substances.

Water is divided into four kinds:
1. Nature water
2. Potable water
3. Purified water
4. Heave water

NATURAL WATER

Naturally occurring water contains dissolved minerals indigenous to the region. Natural water contains varying amounts of suspended matter e.g. clay sand, microorganisms, fragments of pants and animals.

POTABLE WATER

This water is fit for drinking providing potable water is one of the most important functions of modern communities. The overall process involves removal of insoluble matter through appropriate coagulating, setting and filtering process the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms by aeration, chlorinating or other methods.

PURIFIED WATER

Purified water is prepared by distillation exchange (deionized, demineralized) reverse osmosis are particularly effective in removing electrolytes.

HEAVY WATER

The isotopes of hydrogen, unlike those of other elements have been named, deuterium and tritium. SOP for Purified Water & Potable Water Testing these compounds occur in ordinary water in few ppm.

De-ionized water is most important material used in the manufacturing of all the manufacturing processes.

De-ionized water is supplied from plant situated in the workshop to all the section where required. The water goes through pipeline, which is made of stainless steel. Water filters are provided on supply points and at the D.I. water Plant as well.

Sampling procedure for chemical test

1. Sample required 800ml from each point. Containers: either of the following clean containers. A conical flask 1000ml with quick fit stopper. A conical flask 1000ml that may be covered with aluminum foil, butter paper etc.
2. Clean the container with 0.1% w/v detergent solution rinse 3 times with tape water and finely rinse twice with purified water.
3. Label the container with 0.1% w/v detergent solution rinse 3 times with tape water and finely rinse twice with purified water.
4. Label the container declaring the sampling point before the sample is taken. Rinse the container twice with the same of which sample is to be taken.

Testing procedure of Purified Water

Description:

Clear, Colorless & odorless

Conductivity: (BP)

Determine the conductivity off-line or in-line under the following conditions.

EQUIPMENT

Conductivity cell: 
—electrodes of a suitable material such as stainless steel;
—cell constant: within 2 per cent of the given value determined using a certified reference solution with a conductivity less than 1500 µS·cm-1.

Conductometer Resolution 0.1 µS·cm-1 on the lowest range.

System calibration (conductivity cell and Conductometer):
—against one or more suitable certified standard solutions;
—accuracy: within 3 per cent of the measured conductivity plus 0.1 µS·cm-1.
Conductometer calibration By means of precision resistors or equivalent devices, after disconnecting the conductivity cell, for all ranges used for conductivity measurement and cell calibration (with an accuracy within 0.1 per cent of the stated value, traceable to the official standard).
If in-line conductivity cells cannot be dismantled, system calibration may be performed against a calibrated conductivity cell placed close to the cell to be calibrated in the water flow.

PROCEDURE

Measure the conductivity without temperature compensation, recording simultaneously the temperature. Temperature-compensated measurement may be performed after suitable validation.
The water to be examined meets the requirements if the measured conductivity at the recorded temperature is not greater than the value.

For temperatures not listed in Table, calculate the maximal permitted conductivity by interpolation between the next lower and next higher data points in the table.
Purified water in bulk is stored and distributed in conditions designed to prevent growth of micro-organisms and to avoid any other contamination.

Acidity or alkalinity

To 10 ml, freshly boiled and cooled in a borosilicate glass flask, add 0.05 ml of methyl red solution R. The solution is not coloured red.
To 10 ml add 0.1 ml of bromothymol blue solution R1. The solution is not coloured blue.

pH (USP/NF):

Between 5.0 & 7.0, determined potentiometrically in a solution prepared by the addition of 0.5ml of saturated potassium chloride solution to 100ml of test specimen.

Oxidisable substances

To 100 ml add 10 ml of dilute sulphuric acid R and 0.1 ml of 0.02 M potassium permanganate and boil for 5 min. The solution remains faintly pink.

Chlorides

To 10 ml add 1 ml of dilute nitric acid R and 0.2 ml of silver nitrate solution R2. The solution shows no change in appearance for at least 15 min.

Sulphates

To 10 ml add 0.1 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R and 0.1 ml of barium chloride solution R1. The solution shows no change in appearance for at least 1 h.

Ammonium

Maximum 0.2 ppm. To 20 ml add 1 ml of alkaline potassium tetraiodomercurate solution R. After 5 min, examine the solution down the vertical axis of the tube. The solution is not more intensely coloured than a standard prepared at the same time by adding 1 ml of alkaline potassium tetraiodomercurate solution R to a mixture of 4 ml of ammonium standard solution (1 ppm NH4) R and 16 ml of ammonium-free water R.

Calcium and magnesium

To 100 ml add 2 ml of ammonium chloride buffer solution pH 10.0 R, 50 mg of mordant black 11 triturate R and 0.5 ml of 0.01 M sodium edetate. A pure blue colour is produced.

Residue on evaporation

Maximum 0.001 per cent.
Evaporate 100 ml on a water-bath and dry in an oven at 100-105 °C. The residue weighs a maximum of 1 mg.

Procedure For Chemical Analysis Of Potable Or Raw Water.

DESCRIPTION:

TURBIDITY:

TOTAL SOLIDS:

CHLORIDE:

STANDARD SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION:

POTASSIUM CHROMATE SOLUTION:

Method:

TOTAL HARDNESS:

Ammonia:

Poisonous Metals:

Iron:

P- Value (Phenolphthalein value):

Nitrate:

Sulfates:

Nitrites: